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Heaviness of Smoking Index, Number of Cigarettes Smoked and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Among Adult Male Malaysians

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dc.contributor.authorK.H. Lim
dc.contributor.authorM. Feisul Idzwan
dc.contributor.authorM.G. Sumarni
dc.contributor.authorC.C. Kee
dc.contributor.authorN.M. Amal
dc.contributor.authorK.K. Lim
dc.contributor.authorK. Gurpreet
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-01T04:52:03Z
dc.date.available2024-09-01T04:52:03Z
dc.date.issued2012
dc.description.abstractTwo methods of identifying smokers with high nicotine dependence, the heaviness of smoking index (HSI) and number of cigarettes per day (CPD) were compared with the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). The HSI, CPD and the FTND were administered to 316 adult Malaysian male, daily smokers aged between 25-64 years old in the Malaysian NCD Surveillance-1 Survey using a two-stage stratified random sampling of enumeration blocks and living quarters, via an interview based on a validated questionnaire. The cut-off point for classification of high nicotine dependence on the HSI was a score of four or higher, and for the heavy smoking category, smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day. Classification using each method was compared with classification by the FTND (score of six or more) as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity and kappa statistics for concordance between both measures and the FTND were evaluated. The HSI gave a similar prevalence rate of high nicotine dependence as the FTND. There was substantial agreement between the HSI and the FTND (kappa=0.63.), with moderate sensitivity (69.8%) and high specificity (92.5%). However, prevalence of high nicotine dependence using the CPD was 7% lower than the FTND. The heavy smoking category also showed fair agreement with the FTND (kappa=0.45) and moderate sensitivity (67.0%), but specificity was high (86.9%). The findings indicate that the HSI can be used as an alternative to the FTND in screening for high nicotine dependence among daily smokers in large population-based studies, while CPD may not be a suitable alternative to the FTND.
dc.identifier.doiDOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.1.343
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.nih.gov.my/handle/123456789/1045
dc.language.isoen
dc.relation.ispartofAsian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
dc.relation.issn1513-7368
dc.subjectFagerstrom test for nicotine dependence
dc.subjectHeaviness of smoking index
dc.subjectHeavy smoking
dc.subjectMalaysians
dc.titleHeaviness of Smoking Index, Number of Cigarettes Smoked and the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence Among Adult Male Malaysians
dc.typejournal-article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.volume13
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