Introduction: Hypercholesterolemia is an important modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease. Lifestyle changes in diet and physical activity can improve cholesterol levels. This study aimed to compare the fruits and vegetables (FV) intake and physical activity (PA) between hypercholesterolemic adults and non-hypercholesterolemic adults in Malaysia, and to investigate factors associated with meeting the recommended levels of FV intake and PA in a hyper-cholesterolemic population. Methods: This study was based on 17,988 participants (response rate 98.7%) aged 18 years and above who responded to the hypercholesterolemia questionnaire in the 2011 Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), a cross-sectional study with two-stage stratified sampling design. Data were obtained by trained enumerators via face-to-face interviews and were analysed by descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: Out of Results: the total population assessed, 39.0% had hypercholesterolemia. The prevalence of consuming five or more servings of FV per day is low (7.8%) while 36.0% were physically inactive among the hypercholesterolemic adults. No significant differences were observed in FV intake and PA between hypercholesterolemic and non-hypercholesterolemic populations. Gender, age and educational levels were associated with FV intake and PA among hypercholesterolemic adults. Hypercholesterolemic adults who were underweight or obese were less likely to consume FV, while those who were former smokers and those who had diabetes and heart disease were less likely to be physically active. Conclusion: These findings are relevant for future health promotion strategies, suggesting that more intensive interventions are needed to increase FV intake and PA level in hypercholesterolemic population and in the general population.

Sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone of diagnosing infectious tuberculosis. The presence of microscopic errors may misclassify or misdiagnose cases as non-cases, or vice versa. Substandard performance will compromise the efforts to detect tuberculosis and complicate measures to control. This study aimed to determine the proficiency of microscopists at three selected government health clinics in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009-2010. Three states were selected based on their high sputum positivity rate. All microscopists were enrolled and instructed to stain and grade a set of seven predetermined densities of mycobacilli slides. Two independent raters assessed their readings. A total of 100 microscopists and 700 slides were tested. 88.2% of slides were in agreement, with sensitivity of 83.8%, specificity of 94.3%, positive predictive value of 95.2% and false negativity rate of 18.7%. From the low positive slides, 27.5% were graded as negative. Two-third of microscopists achieved the accepted grading proficiency and 37% were scored as good staining. There was a need to intensify training on smear microscopy if the gateway for diagnosing TB in Malaysia was smear microscopy.