Browsing by Author "Noor Safiza Mohd Nor"
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- PublicationDevelopment and double cross-validation of new spot urine sodium equation to predict 24-h urine sodium in the Malaysian population(2021)
;Fatimah Othman ;Rashidah Ambak ;Mohd Azahadi Omar ;Suzana Shahar ;Noor Safiza Mohd Nor ;Mohamad Hasnan Ahmad ;Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff ;Hasnah Haron ;Mohd Fairulnizal Md NohTahir ArisBackground: Monitoring sodium intake through 24-h urine collection sample is recommended, but the implementation of this method can be difficult. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an equation using spot urine concentration to predict 24-h sodium excretion in the Malaysian population. Methods: This was a Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) sub-study, which was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. Out of 798 participants in the MyCoSS study who completed 24-h urine collection, 768 of them have collected one-time spot urine the following morning. They were randomly assigned into two groups to form separate spot urine equations. The final spot urine equation was derived from the entire data set after confirming the stability of the equation by double cross-validation in both study groups. Newly derived spot urine equation was developed using the coefficients from the multiple linear regression test. A Bland-Altman plot was used to measure the mean bias and limits of agreement between estimated and measured 24-h urine sodium. The estimation of sodium intake using the new equation was compared with other established equations, namely Tanaka and INTERSALT. Results: The new equation showed the least mean bias between measured and predicted sodium, − 0.35 (− 72.26, 71.56) mg/day compared to Tanaka, 629.83 (532.19, 727.47) mg/day and INTERSALT, and 360.82 (284.34, 437.29) mg/day. Predicted sodium measured from the new equation showed greater correlation with measured sodium ( r = 0.50) compared to Tanaka (r =0.24) and INTERSALT (r = 0.44), P 0.05. Conclusion: Our newly developed equation from spot urine can predict least mean bias of sodium intake among the Malaysian population when 24-h urine sodium collection is not feasible. - PublicationReliability and Validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) In Malay Language(2016)
;Nor Azian Mohd Zaki ;Norhafizah Sahril ;Mohd Azahadi Omar ;Muhammad Hasnan Ahmad ;Azli BaharudinNoor Safiza Mohd NorIntroduction: Physical activity assessment in children is the first step in assessing the relationship between activity and health, as well as the determinants of childhood physical activity and changes in activity level.Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C) is self- administered questionnaire to assess physical activity among older children. The objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children in Malay language PAQ-C (M). Methods: The validation study was done among 73 students aged 10 to 17 years old. The PAQ-C was translated into Malay language using forward and backward translation. The evaluation of the psychometric properties included internal consistency, test-retest reliability and criterion validity. Reliability of PAQ-C(M) was determined using Cronbach alpha and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The PAQ-C (M) was administered twice in one week interval to assess test-retest reliability. Criterion validity was assessed between PAQ-C (M) and 3 Day Physical Activity Recall (3DPAR). Results: The internal consistency of PAQ-C (M) assessment calculated in this study was α = 0.75 and α = 0.77 for assessments one and two, respectively. The ICC between individual items of PAQ-C (M) was 0.59 to 0.91, indicating moderate to good correlation. The Spearmen correlation coefficient between PAQ-C (M) and 3DPARwas acceptable (r=0.60, p<0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that the PAQ-C (M) has moderate to good reliability and validity in assessing physical activity among older children and adolescents. Future validation of PAQ-C (M) against different measures such as accelerometer is recommended. - PublicationSodium intake assessed by 24-h urine excretion and its relationship with anthropometric measurements in Malaysian adults(2021)
;Syafinaz Mohd Sallehuddin ;Rashidah Ambak ;Fatimah Othman ;Nur Shahida Abd Aziz ;Lalitha Palaniveloo ;Noor Safiza Mohd Nor ;Rasidah Jamaluddin ;Azli Baharudin ;Nor Azian Mohd ZakiMohamad Hasnan AhmadBackground: Sodium intake is associated with anthropometric measurement including weight, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI). Higher intake of sodium is usually linked to higher risk of obesity among adults globally, especially in developing countries. This study aims to explore the probable relationship between sodium intake by 24-h urine excretion assessment and anthropometric measurement of adults in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018 using a multi-stage stratified sampling method among Malaysian adults aged 18 years old and above. Sodium intake was determined by 24-h urinary sodium excretion, estimated from the respondents’ 24-h urinary sample. Height was obtained based on standard protocol. Weight and WC were measured twice using validated anthropometric equipment and BMI was calculated according to World Health Organization (WHO) 1998 classification. Descriptive analysis was done to describe socio-demographic characteristics. A simple linear regression and multiple linear regression tests were done to assess the relationship of 24-h urinary excretion and anthropometric measurement. All statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Of 1047 interviewed respondents, 798 respondents had done the 24-h urine collection (76.0% response rate). Majority was between 40 and 59 years old (43.5%) and married (77.7%). Simple linear regression showed a significant positive linear association between 24-h urinary excretion and household income, WC, and obese group. In the multivariate analysis, it was indicated that, an increase of 1 unit of BMI will significantly increase the sodium intake by 129.20 mg/dl and an increase of 1 cm of WC will significantly increase the sodium intake by 376.45 mg/dl. Conclusion: Our study showed a positive significant relationship between sodium intake estimated by 24-h urinary sodium excretion and BMI of Malaysian adults. More research is suggested on how sodium control can potentially contribute to obesity prevention.