Introduction: Fall is a health problem for older persons. This study investigates the potential factors of concern: the nutritional status of older persons and non-communicable disease association with incidence of falls. Methods: This study used data from NHMS 2018, and conducted a cross-sectional design by applying two-stage stratified cluster sampling. Descriptive statistics such as the percentage of each variable were done. Factors associated with falls were determined at both univariate and multivariable levels using simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression. The data were presented as standard values for each analysis and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CI with p values (<0.05). Results: A total of 3,867 from 3,977 elderly (mean age 68.2+ 6.85) were recruited with the response rate of 97.2%. Factors associated with fall were 70 years old and above (AOR= 1.34, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.64), obesity (AOR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.98), undernutrition (AOR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.30, 1.94), persons with 2 NCDs (AOR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.92) and persons with 3 NCDs (AOR=1.63, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.16). Conclusions: Advanced age, malnutrition, obesity, and having two or more NCDs are associated with falls in the NHMS 2018 study. In conclusion, falls are prevalent among older persons. There is an urgent need for public health strategies and programmes to decrease the incidence of modifiable risk factors and early identification of those at risk. Implementation of fall preventive programs which includes multifactorial interventions at hospitals and homes can also significantly reduce incidence of falls among older persons.

Background: Hypoglycaemia among non-diabetes patients are not common but the aetiologies point out to factors such as sepsis, liver disease, malnutrition, alcohol related disorders and malignancies. The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors associated with non-diabetic hypoglycaemia. Materials and Methods: This study used data of the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015, a cross sectional design, applied two stage stratified cluster sampling. Descriptive statistics for the complex sampling and multiple logistic regression were applied to estimate the prevalence of hypoglycaemia in non-diabetes population and factors associated in Malaysia. Result: A total of 18373 respondents aged 18 years and above were analysed. The overall prevalence of non-diabetic hypoglycaemia among Malaysia adults were 10.2% (95% CI9.27- 11.23). Non-diabetic hypoglycaemia was significantly associated with males (AOR=1.24, 95% CI=1.03-1.49), age group 18-24 years (AOR=2.61, 95%CI= 1.91-3.57), age group 25-44 years (AOR=1.93,95%CI=1.41-2.63), other Bumiputra (AOR=1.79, 95%CI= 1.30-2.45) and others ethnicity(AOR=1.64,95%,CI=1.18-2.29),normal weight (AOR=1.48,95%CI= 1.20-1.82) and underweight (AOR=1.60,95%CI= 1.17-2.18). Conclusion: Lower Body Mass Index (BMI) and underweight respondents, younger age group, males, Bumiputras and other ethnicity, were significantly associated with non-diabetic hypoglycaemia. The outcome of this study warrants insights into treating this group of patients. Therefore, clinicians should dwell into the aetiology of hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic patients and treat the underlying cause.

Background: Prediabetes is a global health problem among the non-communicable diseases and much effort has been exerted in the past in response to the increased prevalence of prediabetes. The objective of this scoping review is to describe evidences on the types of prediabetes diet and intervention studies available for prediabetes and its effects on glycaemic control. Materials and Methods: The scoping review was conducted based on the framework by Arksey and O’Malley. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) diagram was used as a guide to record the review process. Articles from years 1995 until 2020 on prediabetes diet among adults aged 18 years and above were retrieved based on the keywords using electronic databases (Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar). Virtual library databases were also included in the searches. Result: A total of 652 articles were identified through database searches and 20 records were identified through manual search. A total of 205 duplicate records were removed and subsequently, the titles and abstracts of 467 records were screened for inclusion. The full texts of 223 articles were reviewed for eligibility, and finally, 78 studies were included in the review. Conclusion: The prediabetes state is reversible and provides an opportunity for treatment. Therefore, the focus on nutrition must be included in diabetes prevention strategies. Currently, a diet low in fat intake, rich in fiber, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables, as well as a Mediterranean-type diet, may be recommended for the prevention of diabetes in prediabetes.

Background: GDM is shown to be closely linked with different adverse pregnancy outcomes both at the fetal and maternal level including an increased risk of caesarean-section delivery, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia and macrosomia. This study aimed to determine the sociodemographic, body mass index and medical factors linked with gestational diabetes mellitus in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: Data from NHMS 2016 was used and a cross-sectional design was implemented with a two-stage stratified cluster sampling. This study employed descriptive statistics whereby the focus was on the percentage of each variable. Complex sample logistic regression was used to identify factors linked with GDM at both univariate and multivariable levels. The data were presented as adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and with p values (<0.05) Result: The overall prevalence of GDM from this survey was 12.4% (1349). Results from multivariable analyses showed that there were significant associations between GDM and age group of 25-49 years old (p<0.001), Malay ethnicity (p=0.024), hypertensive medical history (p=0.003) and body mass index of both overweight and obesity (p<0.001). Conclusion: Early screening and proper management of this group should be done continuously by healthcare personnel. This study offers crucial information for practitioners and policymakers to take effective measures to address the issue highlighted and to improve the GDM-related care for reproductive aged women. Future studies on effects of GDM on live long obesity and non-communicable diseases should be conducted to address these important issues.