Dietary supplements have grown in popularity in the healthcare industry over the years, owing to increased health awareness and health literacy. Understanding the factors associated dietary supplement purchase is critical for policy development and effective regulatory implementation. This paper aimed to describe the prevalence and factors associated with dietary supplements purchased among the adult population in Malaysia. Cross-sectional data from 11,269 respondents aged 18 and above from the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019 were analysed. This study used logistic regression analysis to identify the factors associated with dietary supplements purchased among the adult population in Malaysia. Overall, 13.9% Malaysian adults reported purchasing dietary supplements in the past one month. Females, adults older than 36 years old, individuals with at least a secondary educational level, Chinese ethnicity, the married population, those with higher household income (in the T20 household income group), individuals with diabetes or hypertension or hypercholesterolaemia, and those with perceived good self-rated health were all associated with a higher likelihood of purchasing dietary supplements. The study's findings improved understanding of the factors associated with dietary supplement purchase, which will aid policy development and effective regulatory implementation.

Objectives: Multimorbidity has been recognised as a global public health issue, and individuals with multimorbidity have been found to have high healthcare utilisation. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among adults in Malaysia, identify factors associated with multimorbidity, and assess the association between the number of non-communicable diseases and outpatient services utilisation. Design and setting: A retrospective secondary data analysis using data from the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019, a cross-sectional household survey among the population in Malaysia. Participants: All adults aged 18 years and above. Outcome measures: The two outcome variables were multimorbidity and outpatient services utilisation. Characteristics of respondents and those having multimorbidity were described using complex sample descriptive statistics. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the associated factors of having multimorbidity and the association between the number of non-communicable diseases and outpatient services utilisation. Results: Overall, 11 347 respondents were included in the analysis. This study found a prevalence of 11.4 (95% CI=10.43–12.39) for multimorbidity. Age, marital status and working status were the factors associated with multimorbidity. Adults with multimorbidity were high users of outpatient services (20.4%, 95%CI=17.5– 23.7), approximately threefold of adults with no non communicable diseases. In the final model, multimorbidity showed an adjusted OR of 3.28 (95% CI=2.48–4.32) for outpatient services utilisation. Conclusion: Understanding factors associated with multimorbidity and the magnitude of the impact of having multimorbidity towards outpatient services utilisation could help in future planning for healthcare system transformation. The recently launched Health White Paper for Malaysia has emphasised primary healthcare as a critical component to achieve aspirations of the health system, which includes equity and responsiveness. Strengthening primary care services and improving patient navigation across healthcare levels are critical to supporting individuals with multimorbidity. Avenues for further research include exploring a wider range of conditions and assessing the longitudinal impact of multimorbidity on healthcare utilisation and health outcomes.